Eros, Thanatos and the Depiction of Women in “a Farewell to Arms” Essay

A career as distinguished as that of Ernest Hemingway dirty dognot simply be condensed into a handful of words. If one were to make the attempt anyway, no choice seems to be more fitting than love, death and women. These topics are constant companions throughout all of his work and so, his life. His 1929 masterpiece, A parting salutation to Arms, is a particularly advanced example of this. In this paper, I provide show how these hap subjects the fascinating interplay between Eros and Thanatos and the depiction of women help systema skeletale this seminal work.To fully consider the tale told in the tonic, and to better understand the aforementioned, seemingly inadequate three-word summary of Hemingways life, most mark events in his biography should be made known. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, in Oak Park, Illinois. In his higher(prenominal) school years, he wrote for the school newspaper and would go on to work for the Kansas City Star these be ages journal istic experiences would specify his distinctive writing style. In 1918, he signed on to become an ambulance device driver in war-torn Italy.On July 8, he was severely injured by a mortar carapace and received a medal for bravery. During his sixth-month recuperation, he fell in love with a Red crabby nurse afterward deciding to get married, she left over(p) him for an Italian officer. This traumatic experience would decisively shape his view of women. (Wikipedia) Hemingway would endure further trials throughout his life shortly after the particularly difficult address of his son in 1928, he received word of his fathers suicide, foreshadowing his eventual destruction by his own hand on July 2, 1961.Until then, he suffered through severe alcoholism, multiple divorces, crippling accidents, bouts of slump and dangerous war coverage. (Wikipedia) victorious this eventful existence into consideration, the importance of some(prenominal) Eros and Thanatos and the far-famed depictio n of women in A Farewell to Arms come as no great move it is the latter which I will get-go examine more closely. Hemingway and, by extension, his works, confine often been criminate of misogyny A Farewell to Arms is no exception (Wexler 111). Catherine, the main female character, defines herself in impairment of men (Fetterley 67).When her late fiancee goes to war, she joins him as a nurse because of the silly idea he capability come to the hospital where she was , with a sabre cut or shot through the shoulder something picturesque (Hemingway 19). later on, her stereotypical wish to nurse her lover back to health even comes true when Frederic is placed in her care (Fetterley 67). She also shows a significant need for reassurance You are happy, arent you? Is there anything I do you dont like? Can I do anything to please you? (Hemingway 105).Her self-loathing and unhealthy self-image also reveals itself in this telling passage How numerous girls have you stayed with? Its all right. Keep right on assembly to me. Thats what I want you to do. When a man stays with a girl when does she say how practically it woos? I do anything you want. I want what you want. There isnt any me any more. (Hemingway 95-96) This segmentation is a particularly damning example of misogyny in effect, Catherine is asking Frederic how to be a whore, embarrassing some(prenominal) herself and her entire sex in her quest to please her beloved at any cost (Fetterley 68).Catherine is far from the wholly dupe of the sometimes debasing treatment of women in the throw. During the retreat, the girls from the soldiers whorehouse (Hemingway 168) are riled into a truck one of the soldiers present remarks Id like to be there when some of those tough babies climb in and try and hop them. Id like to have a crack at them for nothing. They charge too much at that house anyway. The government gyps us. (Hemingway 168-169) This stupefy disdain of female dignity makes apparent the u tter disregard the soldiers have for women as human beings.A passage later on exemplifies this victimization and objectification of women during war even more clearly when the retreating convoy picks up two virgins, their fearful demeanor leaves no doubt there are unless two roles for them on the battlefield whores if they are picked up by their own side, victims of rape if they are captured by the enemy. (Fetterley 50) The scorn of the fair gender does not stop at the disparagement of women themselves the very thing that makes them female is attacked. When the gray-headed leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges are described as making the troops tactile property as though they were six months gone with child (Hemingway 4), deadly implements of war are directly cogitate to pregnancy. This paints an unsettling picture of female biology itself as a source of death, not life, culminating in Catherines sack in the final chapter (Fetterley 62-6 3). This depiction of women as subservient to men, trying to fulfill their every need, is almost prudish in nature, hearkening back to the earliest, primary incarnations of the American myth.The fact that sexual gratification, not c erstwhileption and childbirth which is indeed presented as a biological trap (Hemingway 125) and, eventually, a death sentence is extolled as the primary dry land for a relationship shows, however, that Hemingways work is firmly in the subversive consummatory phase. Thankfully, the view of women presented in the novel is not wholly sexist. Catherine in particular manages to distinguish herself as a strong woman both in the beginning and the end of the novel, despite losing her identity to Frederic in the gist.Frederics courtship of Catherine starts with a literally stinging rejection when he first tries to kiss her, he is rewarded with a sharp stinging flash of a slap (Hemingway 24). Thus, Catherine asserts her dominance, taking control of their ear ly relationship. After Frederic manages to make her laugh, however, she quickly accepts his advances. (Wexler 114) Frederics intentions towards Catherine are less(prenominal) than noble to begin with I knew I did not love Catherine Barkley nor had any idea of loving her.This was a game, like bridge, in which you said things instead of playing cards (Hemingway 29). Catherine, however, is not only aware of the jerry-built nature of their faux-relationship, but actively addresses it This is a rotten game we play, isnt it? You dont have to pretend you love me. (Hemingway, 29-30) With the mutual acknowledgment of their pretense, Catherine is using Frederic just as much as he is using her where he seeks to escape the horrors of the war with carnal gratification, Catherine needs someone to fill the hole left by her late fiancee. (Wexler 114-115)Despite the loss of self and neediness experienced by Catherine throughout most of the middle of the novel, her strong, confident side manages to reassert itself before her unfortunate demise in childbirth. Even though she faces her threatening death, the only thing on her mind is reassuring her husband Dont worry, darling, Im not a bit afraid. Its just a dirty trick (Hemingway 292). This serenely unselfish behavior is far removed from the desperate need to please she displayed earlier. As has hopefully become apparent, both death and life (or love, both physical and romantic) play a crucial role in A Farewell to Arms.In the following section, I will take a closer way at this compelling relationship between Eros and Thanatos. Since the novel takes place during the uncompromisingly brutal run afoul that was World War I, Thanatos is always active. Eros always manages to weave its way into the proceedings, however, even gaining the swiftness hand at one point in the novel. In the beginning, however, Thanatos prevails (Flores 29). The reader is presented with uncompromising scenes of frenzy and carnage, but the horrors of war are met with stoicism by the protagonist Frederic Henry.The death of thousands barely qualifies for a case-by-case paragraph At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army. (Hemingway 4) Frederic also seems to have no particular flat coat for even being in the war being in Italy seems to be enough (Flores 29). He is not driven by any particular ideological reason, either Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates.(Hemingway 165) Almost every character in the novel also engages in self-destructive behavior excessive drinking. Seeking obliviousness instead of actually facing the horrors of war, alcohol is a constant companion to all throughout the book (Flores 31). Even when Eros touches the characters in the begi nning, it is only in its basest forms. The flirtatious Rinaldi seems incapable of real love, seeking only sexual gratification (Ganzel 587). And, as mentioned above, even the relationship of Frederic and Catherine starts out as a lie, filling a need in both of them not with love, but lust.As the story unfolds, however, the grip of Thanatos on Frederic begins to weaken. Following his injury on the battlefield, his stoicism and aloofness are only slightly fazed (Ganzel 594). During his encompassing period of recuperation in the hospital, Frederic and Catherine start developing real feelings for each other learning rough her pregnancy in particular shakes him to his core Her cin one caseption forces him into a continuum in which the death of another can subtract from his own life. (Ganzel 579)During the Italian retreat, Thanatos tries to reassert its grasp on Frederic but after not only witnessing, but being directly responsible for a number of deaths in a torturous experience, he finally slips its grasp (Ganzel 595). Having truly fallen for Catherine, his new commitment to Eros is confirmed in his baptismal farewell to arms in the river. Frederic voices these new life-affirming thoughts after escaping the river I was not made to think. I was made to eat. My God, yes. Eat and drink and sleep with Catherine.(Hemingway 206) Thanatos reclaims his power at the end of the novel after the deceptively light-hearted stay in Switzerland in a cruel twist of fate, it is childbirth, the ultimate expression of Eros, that takes Catherines life, springing the biological trap and leaving Frederic to trudge out into the rain, forlorn (Ganzel 581). He poignantly laments his fate Poor, short(p) dear Cat. And this was the price you paid for sleeping together. This was the end of the trap. This was what people got for loving each other. (Hemingway 283)Frederic is not the only one affected by an insidious turn of events like that, however Rinaldi also becomes a victim of the bi ological trap, falling prey to syphilis (Hemingway 289). Thus, Thanatos is not only able to turn the august side of Eros romantic love against its followers, but even manages to turn its basest side into death. Thus, Frederic Henry is the first completely developed example of what was to become Hemingways dominant motif a man who is constrained to recognize the inevitability of death and the concomitant frustration of trying to secure something of value from its onslaught (Ganzel 577).The good soldier, protected from feelings of loss and fear by an uncaring stoicism, loses his gift through love, only to light upon the tragic realization that his newfound feelings can be turned against him. (Ganzel 578) This portrayal of life and death, distinctive of the woolly Generation of modernist authors, stands in stark contrast to earlier, romantic and playful depictions. Where Whitman is able to confidently boast And as to you Death, and you bitter hug of mortality, it is idle to try to alarm me (Song of Myself 1289), Hemingways view of death paints a much more sobering pictureIf people bring so much courage to this arena the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry. (Hemingway 222) Even spring, once the ultimate symbol of hope and life flourishing anew, is turned into a mockery of itself.As Eliot ably puts it April is the cruelest month (The pine Land 1), bringing only death and desperation to Frederic and Catherine. Winter, on the other hand, once the harbinger of struggles and hardship for the first pilgrims that reached the shores of America, is shown as peaceful, quiet, serene It was a fine country and every time that we went out it was fun. ( Hemingway 269) The future, once viewed with optimism, a Manifest Destiny to look forward to, suddenly looked much bleaker, an mentality colored by a war that defied belief.Compassion and courage were nowhere to be found, but roughness abounded, as illustrated in this passage If there is a retreat, how are the wounded evacuated? They are not. They take as many as they can and leave the rest. (Hemingway 167) In conclusion, I hope that the importance of the changing influence of Eros and Thanatos and the questionable portrayal of women in A Farewell to Arms has become obvious. These topics protrude in all of Hemingways works, with varying importance. Much of the novel becomes clearer when viewed through the lens of Hemingways biography.Taking into consideration some of the key points of his life I mentioned in the introduction, the autobiographical tendencies of the book should emerge maybe helping to make his overt machismo understandable, if not palatable. Most importantly, A Farewell to Arms does an excellent antic of showing the reader the sheer insanity and, through the authors unique style, the stark veracity of war. Hemingway himself put it quite succinctly Never think that war, no matter how necessary, nor how justified, is not a crime.Bibliography * Eliot, T. S. The Waste Land. Project Gutenberg. http//www. gutenberg. org/files/1321/1321-h/1321-h. htm (Last accessed 13. 08. 2013) * Fetterley Judith. The resisting reader A Feminist Approach to American Fiction. Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978. * Flores, Olga Eugenia. Eros, Thanatos and the Hemingway Soldier. American Studies International, Vol. 18, none 3/4 (Spring/Summer 1980), pp. 27-35. * Ganzel, Dewey. A Farewell to Arms The Danger of Imagination.The Sewanee Review, Vol. 79, zero(prenominal) 4 (Autumn 1971), pp. 576-597. * Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. London, Arrow Books, 2004. * Wexler, Joyce. E. R. A. for Hemingway A Feminist Defense of A Farewell to Arms. The Georgi a Review, Vol. 35, No. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 111-123. * Whitman, Walt. Song of Myself. University of Toronto RPO. http//rpo. library. utoronto. ca/poems/song-myself (Last accessed 13. 08. 2013) * http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway (Last accessed 13. 08. 2013)